One page summary ( to be free nation) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One page summary ( to be free nation) - Essay Example were more affluent, funded the movement of Jews development by financing educational institutes and buying lands in Palestine where Jews workers could be gainfully employed. Hess’ vision of independent Jewish nation was perhaps the key aspect that encouraged Zionists to strive for independent state where Jews could be their own master and live in peace. Herzl, in 1880s, was a dynamic Jewish leader, who had organized the first Jewish movement by forming World Zionist Organization which significantly contributed to the inception of the socio political ideology of a free Jewish nation. The emergence of various Jewish leaders like Syrkin, Ahmad Ha-Am and others influenced migration of Jews to Jerusalem and exhorted the Jews to work in collectives for improved farming. At the same time, they also prepared militarily for any confrontation with Arabs. The WWI was important because while it destroyed the flourishing Jewish communities in Palestine, the intervention of Britain in the land augmented the development of community through increased education facilities, work opportunities, including buying of land. WWII was significant in its holocaust of Jews by Hitler which precipitated the need for independent Jewish State. After the war, with the intervention of United Nations and support of America, independent state of Jews, Israel, was f ormed by partitioning

Information Technology Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Technology Investigation - Essay Example It usually doesn't include its own authoring capabilities; instead, it focuses on managing courses created by a variety of other sources." (An E-Learning Glossary, 2008) E-learning has evolved along with the spread of the Internet, and today e-learning is one of the new innovations that are helping educators and administrators reach out to students across boundaries and time zones. E-learning has also ushered a new breed of entrepreneurs who are leveraging web based learning management systems to offer innovative, low cost and customized learning tools to students across the world. I was a part of an educational start up that offered a range of preparation tools for select international tests. I was a part of a small sub-team that analyzed the web based LMS landscaped and identified the most suitable LMS for the firm. Through this software investigation, I aim to identify the present trends in web-based LMS and e-learning. I also aim to identify the future evolution of e-learning. A web based learning management system offers a holistic and all encompassing training and assessment set up that allows tutors and administrators to design, create, manage, deliver, adaptive, interactive and innovative online learning tools. A web based learning management system creates a low cost yet highly effective learning and assessment environment that c... In addition to this, a web based learning management system also offers both the user and the tutor the flexibility to create or access content at their discretion. Most e-learning software applications come with a administrator/admin module that lets the tutor easily create and upload content with a authoring tool and a web browser. A typical web based LMS system also has features that allow the tutor as well as the learner assess and monitor the learning, thereby making the learning process highly interactive and customized. LMSs have evolved to be modular and they can often be integrated with other software applications like student information systems, online libraries and web analytics. This modularity and the ability to be integrated with other applications allows the administrator/decision maker utilize the data captured to design highly focused learning and assessment tools. Despite the fact that e-learning and LMS is a relatively old phenomena, it is yet to mature and stabilize. The LMS landscape does not have a clear leader, and is still rapidly evolving. The future potential of LMSs is highly promising, and the LMS of future should be an open ended learning platform. While the present LMSs use in-house generated content and is primarily a tool to manage and track content usage, the LMS of future should be a flexible, adaptive environment that will be integrated with the greatest content depository- the internet. The truly futuristic LMS should be able to intelligently source content from the web and complement that content with content generated in-house and offer much better learning tools. Business

Community Hospital Database Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Hospital Database - Assignment Example Moreover, we have the physician table. This documents the details of the physician. On that note, it contains five fields, namely; the name of the physician, specialty, id of physician, date and the phone number. It is worth noting that decisive details’ pertaining to the fields is shown below. Furthermore, we also have the room utilization table. Apparently, this is mandated with the task of storing information regarding the accommodation of patients in the hospital. It contains four fields, which are the patient #, location, accommodation and the date discharged. It’s worth noting that the data pertaining to the type, fields’ size among others are shown below. Apparently, it is evident that the use of technology is essential in the smooth running of the Mountain View community hospital. Notably, it was critical for the incorporation of the database system in order to aid in various processes, for instance, the capturing and storage of the patient information among other important information required in a hospital setting(Demetriades Dinos 34). In actual fact, this was reached after a study was conducted in the hospital to establish some of the ways in which services can be improved in this hospital. First and foremost, in order for the above database system to be able to capture certain information, for instance, the marital status, gender, occupation, salary or the insurance coverage, the appropriate field must be added to the room utilization table and form(Demetriades Dinos 56). However, it is worth noting that the type data in each field should be specified accordingly to avoid errors that might arise.  

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example The Anatomical Gift Act, drafted in 1968 was the initial effort made in an attempt to give a tissue and organ donation policy (Talbot, 2012). It created a uniform legal procedure for people who wished to donate organs to medical institutions. In this act that is operational in up to fifty states, it states that a person of sound mind and 18 years of age can donate part or all of his body. The donor may put his wish to donate a body part in a will that is operational only upon his death. This act forbade the sale of body parts, but the recipient of the donated body part is to pay for the transportation of the donated organ or body part. Organs and tissues can only be received by surgeons, hospitals, physicians and educational institutions in medical or dental research. There is also a National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 that provides funds for the establishment of organ procurement organization. The act also banned the sale of organs between states and established a task force to en force policy issues regarding organ transplantation. The following body parts can be donated in the United States. They include the heart, kidney, lungs, skin, eyes and the liver. These parts of the body get harvested as soon as one passes on and become implanted onto someone else. Despite the medical and legal mechanisms that encourage organ donation, demand exceeds supply. It gets estimated that there are daily reports of deaths of up to 8 people as a result of waiting for a transplant that never came. On medical conditions associated with each body part to be donated, it is up to the doctor to decide if the body part if fit for transplanting. Regardless of one’s illness when they die, some parts of their body may still get transplanted. Some infectious diseases, drug abuse history and general health of the donor become considered before acceptance of any donation. The lungs of a tobacco smoker may be turned down as chances of them being helpful are so minimal. To avoid suc h a scenario where body parts get rejected, it is crucial to note that an individual has to be healthy and medically fit to allow any of his body part donations. He or she should not have any history of drug use or abuses as this are contributory to rejection of a body part donation (Talbot, 2012). If one has kidney failure, he or she has to go through a process for the acquisition of a donated kidney to be transplanted. Kidney transplantation is the process where there is fixation of a healthy kidney from one person to another. The new kidney replaces the failed kidney. The process of acquisition of a transplant begins as soon as one’s kidney fails. Transplantation as a result of failure depends on one’s condition (Talbot, 2012). Some conditions make it impossible for implants. If implantation is possible, then the patient undergoes medical evaluation at the transplant center. The pre transplant process involves several weeks or even months. X-rays and blood samples g et carried out to ascertain one’s compatibility with the available donated kidneys. Evaluation of one’s health and also of the donor gets done at this stage. Once the patient passes the medical evaluation and is a suitable recipient, but without a donor, then he or she is put on a waiting list for as long as a kidney is there from a dead donor. The length of one’s wait depends on one’s location and the donor’s region (Petersen & Freckelton,2006). The length of

Race Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Race Discrimination - Essay Example Federal law also provides more limited rights for employees of the federal government. These federal laws do not, on the other hand, apply to employees of state and local governments, agricultural workers or domestic employees; any statutory protections those workers have derive from state law. The pattern is even more mixed in the area of wages and working conditions. Federal law establishes minimum wages and overtime rights for most workers in the private and public sectors; state and local laws may provide more expansive rights, Similarly, federal law provides minimum workplace safety standards, but allows the states to take over those responsibilities and to provide more stringent standards. Formally, both federal and state laws protect workers from employment discrimination. In most areas these two bodies of law overlap; as an example, federal law permits state to enact their own statutes barring discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, national origin and age, so long as the state law does not provide less protections than federal law would. Federal law, on the other hand, preempts most state statutes that would bar employers from discriminating against employees to prevent them from obtaining pensions or other benefits or retaliating against them for asserting those rights (Chinese immigrants and American law, 1994, pp. 12-14). Let us try to look at what happens in reality. Historical discrimination. Chinese immigration to the United States has come in many waves. According to records from the United States government, the first Chinese arrived in the United States around 1820. Subsequent immigrants that came from the 1820s up to the late 1840s were mainly men, who came in small numbers. The major initial wave started around the 1850s. This was when the West Coast of North America was being rapidly colonized during the California Gold Rush, while southern China suffered from severe political and economic instability (Cose, 1992, p. 35). In 1860, two discriminatory laws were passed in California. One forbade Chinese American children to attend public schools. The other required a special license to be purchased by Chinese American fishermen. It was called a license instead of a tax because unequal taxation was forbidden by law. In 1862, the United States Congress passed a "Coolie Traffic Law" (the term "coolie" refers to unskilled laborers from Asia, in general) prohibiting transportation and importation of coolies from China, except when immigration was certified as voluntary by United States consular agents. Shortly afterward, the California legislature passed an act to protect free White labor against competition from Chinese coolie labor, and to discourage immigration of Chinese into the state of California (Cose, 1992, p. 62). A "police tax" law was passed, whereby all Mongolians 18 years or over, unless they had already paid a miner's tax or were engaged in production of sugar, rice, coffee, or tea, had to pay a monthly personal tax of $2.50. This was ruled unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court in 1863 (Chinn, 1969, p. 2). Railroad Construction. The most impressive construction feat of Chinese Americans was the work done on the western section of the transcontinental railroa

Select a big data problem, evaluate what was discovered and explain Essay

Select a big data problem, evaluate what was discovered and explain how it supports the business including any challenges, oppor - Essay Example With these units being used, people faced trouble to get part of the data or use it to develop a trend of events or occurrences in an environment which can be used to ensure it becomes useful to its owner (Sathi, 2012, p4). Some of the organisations that use big data include meteorological organisations, biological and environmental research complex physics simulations among others. These find it difficult to establish amicable to capture, store transmit and analyse some of their data that are collected from different events and analyse them to have necessary deductions. Units for measuring the amounts of data have continued to be invented with time and they are moving from simple to extremely complex and large figures that require large capacity to store. To understand the problem of big data, it is good to focus on the analysis of the issues of data analysis as could be realised in different organisations within the world (O'Reilly Radar Team et al, 2012, p8). Big data problem caus es and exposition In the past, people used to measure data in megabytes and in those times, 100 megabytes of data were considered a very large. With time, there data increased and gigabytes were used to measure data, this paved way for terabyte, petabytes and the latest invention of the units of measurement of data is the Exabyte. ... The big data has not gone without considerable problems in the way it ought to be handled and processed to explain phenomenon and trends in business or in any other organisation. Some problems experienced in handling big data include collecting, processing, analysing and storing of the meaningful data for future use (Ohlhorst, 2013, p11). However, in order to expound the problems of big data, analysis of the same offers an insight into the difficulty of handling that kind of data and the risks thereof. Why analysis of big data is a problem Analysis of big data is problematic because there are limited methods, which can be used to store large amount of data in the same place and process desirable results using it. For this reason, analysis is one of the problems of big data in that it is difficult to combine the different bits that are making the big data. As a result, analysis of such data of great magnitude becomes difficult because there are few devices that accommodate data to a c ertain capacity and is type. It is tasking to engage in analysing big data because in their unstructured form, they indicate that people have taken part in an event but the information is decentralized into a common place for effective analysis (Best, 2008, p63). How big data is analysed To enable ease of analysis, scientist start by classifying the data into groups and categories, this can be easily analysed to give the required information. The method of analysing big data by structuring is a scientific invention that is designed to ensure that organisations do not have to delete their data from their database. Companies categorise their information into clusters that are representing data for

Linguistics and Language Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Language Essay The term dialect (from the ancient Greek word dialektos, discourse, from dia, through + lego, I speak) is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. [2] A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect. The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it. Dialect: This is a complex and often misunderstood concept. For linguists, a dialect is the collection of attributes (phonetic, phonological, syntactic, morphological, and semantic) that make one group of speakers noticeably different from another group of speakers of the same language. COMMON SOURCES OF MISUNDERSTANDING: 1) DIALECT is NOT a negative term for linguists. . Often times, for example, we hear people refer to non-standard varieties of English as dialects, usually to say something bad about the non-standard variety (and thus about the people who speak it). This happened quite a bit during last years ebonics controversy. But, the term dialect refers to ANY variety of a language. Thus, by definition, we all speak a dialect of our native language. 2) DIALECT is NOT synonymous with accent. Accent is only a part of dialectal variation. Non-linguists often think accents define a dialect (or that accents alone identify people as non-native or foreign language speakers). Also, non-linguists tend to think that its always the other people that have an accent. So, what is accent? 3) ACCENT: This term refers to phonological variation, i. e.variation in pronunciation Thus, if we talk about a Southern Accent; were talking about a generalized property of English pronunciation in the Southern part of the US. But, Southern dialects have more than particular phonological properties. Accent is thus about pronunciation, while dialect is a broader term encompassing syntactic, morphological, and semantic properties as well. A final note on accent. WE ALL HAVE ONE! There is no such thing as a person who speaks without an accent. This is not an exercise in political correctness, by the way. It is a fact. In sum, a dialect is a particular variety of a language, and we all have a dialect. Accent refers to the phonology of a given dialect. Since we all have a dialect, we all have an accent. Idiolect: Another term that we must be familiar with is idiolect. Whats an idiolect? you ask, on the edge of your seat. An idiolect is simply the technical term we use to refer to the variety of language spoken by each individual speaker of the language. Just as there is variation among groups of speakers of a language, there is variation from speaker to speaker. No two speakers of a language speak identically. Each speaks her or his own particular variety of that language. Each thus speaks her or his own idiolect. Role of Dialect: Language says a lot about our identity. Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and South Africans all speak differently. When we meet somebody from a different part of the country, they may use different words, sounds or grammatical structures. A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a certain area. For instance, in the Northern Cape, people refer to older people as grootmense and paper as pampier whereas in Pretoria they are called oumense and papier. If you hear colored people from Cape Town speaking Afrikaans, they sound different to Afrikaans spoken elsewhere. People from Natal speak English in different ways to people from Johannesburg etc. So often, the way we speak says a lot about where we are from, who we are and what we care about. So studying dialects is one way of validating peoples identities and ways of life. Characteristics of Dialect: There are ten characteristics of dialect. 1. Dialect can be identified by variation of grammar. 2. Dialect can be identified by variation of vocabulary. 3. Dialect can be identified by variation of prosody. 4. Dialect can be identified by variation of sentence structure. 5. Dialect can be identified by variation of figures of speech. 6. Variance of parent language by social class of speakers. 7. Variance of parent language by region inhabited by speakers. 8. Likely will not have its own written literature. 9. Likely speakers will not have state or nation of their own. 10. Likely region-specific for speakers. Difference between Dialect and Register: To describe differences we have to first understand these two terms separately. What is Dialect? A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists: Cockney is a dialect of English. What is Register? In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, when speaking in a formal setting, an English speaker may be more likely to adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. walking, not walkin'), choose more formal words (e. g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc. ), and refrain from using contractions such as aint, than when speaking in an informal setting. Now it is time to differentiate both terms. A dialect is a variety of language used by different speech communities, whereas register is a variety of language associated with peoples occupation. Register is to do with variation in language use connected with topic matter. Ones dialect shows who (or what) he/she is, while ones register shows what he/she is doing. Dialect is a special form of speaking belonging to a group. Register is a linguistic term used to describe changing how one talks based on the situation. 1. Dialect: a local variety of a language*, usually understood by speakers of other dialects of the same language, often without a standardized grammar or spelling, used mostly for non-formal purposes in a local community or among people coming from the same community but living in another community than that they came from. There is often no consensus if such a local language variety is a dialect or a language. The choice is usually taken on the basis of political or conventional criteria and never on linguistic ones. 2. A speech register: a way of speaking or writing including vocabulary, syntax and pronunciation (or spelling) chosen by individuals to express themselves depending on the circumstances they speak: high register (formal occasions like parliamentary speech, official documents, celebrations), low register (informal occasions, conversations among family or friends group). There are also many in-between registers and specialized occasions like religious services, sport events, and so on. An individual may choose his dialect as a speech register for informal occasions, and a standardized language of a larger social unit on formal occasions (often called diglossia). Register: In linguistics, one of many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors as social occasion, purpose, and audience, also called stylistic variation. More generally, register is used to indicate degrees of formality in language use. The different registers or language styles that we use are sometimes called codes. According to a linguist Robert MacNeil (1989) the example of Register is; It fascinates me how differently we all speak in different circumstances. We have levels of formality, as in our clothing. There are very formal occasions, often requiring written English: the job application or the letter to the editorthe dark-suit, serious-tie language, with everything pressed and the lint brushed off. There is our less formal out-in-the-world languagea more comfortable suit, but still respectable. There is language for close friends in the evenings, on weekendsblue-jeans-and-sweat-shirt language, when it’s good to get the tie off. There is family language, even more relaxed, full of grammatical short cuts, family slang, echoes of old jokes that have become intimate shorthandthe language of pajamas and uncombed hair. Finally, there is the language with no clothes on; the talk of couplesmurmurs, sighs, gruntslanguage at its least self-conscious, open, vulnerable, and primitive. Role of Register: Its chief importance is social. It signals the kind of interaction the speaker wants, or acceptance/no acceptance of the kind of interaction expected in any situation. For instance, level of formality is a major aspect of English register. Highly formal register can signal authority, disapproval, unfriendliness. Informal register can signal various things: genuine friendliness; a fake attempt to come across as friendly; or even deliberate disrespect if the other speaker expects formal register. Choice of register can also signal social class, in areas where this is still an issue. Higher classes tend to use a more formal register in ordinary conversation. Understanding the difference between register and grammar is important, as many speakers confuse the two: particularly in thinking that only formal register is correct grammar. This can lead to major errors of register: for instance, the highly formal It is I is only correct in the most formal register, and using it under any other circumstances will make a speaker sound a pompous idiot to most speakers. Characteristics/ Features of Register: 1) Language Styles Every native speaker is normally in command of several different language styles, sometimes called registers, which are varied according to the topic under discussion, the formality of the occasion, and the medium used (speech, writing, or sign). Adapting language to suit the topic is a fairly straightforward matter. Many activities have a specialized vocabulary. If you are playing a ball game, you need to know that zero is a duck in cricket, love in tennis, and nil in soccer. If you have a drink with friends in a pub, you need to know greetings such as: Cheers! Heres to your good health! Other types of variation are less clear-cut. The same person might utter any of the following three sentences, depending on the circumstances: I should be grateful if you would make less noise. Please be quiet. Shut up! Here the utterances range from a high or formal style, down to a low or informal oneand the choice of a high or low style is partly a matter of politeness. (Jean Aitcheson, Teach You Linguistics. Hodder, 2003) 2) Participants in an Exchange Like variation in our manner of dress, stylistic variations in language cannot be judged as appropriate or not without reference to the participants in the interchange (i. e. , speaker and listener or reader and writer). For example, you would not speak to a 5-year-old child, an intimate friend, and a professor using the same style of speech. Using the term eleemosynary charitable would probably be inappropriate for the child and the friend, while using number one urinate would probably be inappropriate for the friend and the professor. (Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley, Linguistics for Non-Linguists, 3rd ed. Ellyn Bacon, 1999) 3) Register Features Register features are core lexical and grammatical characteristics found to some extent in almost all texts and registers. . . . Any linguistic feature having a functional or conventional association can be distributed in a way that distinguishes among registers. Such features come from many linguistic classes, including: phonological features (pauses, intonation patterns), tense and aspect markers, pronouns and pro-verbs, questions, nominal forms (nouns, nominalizations, gerunds), passive constructions, dependent clauses (complement clauses, relative clauses, adverbial subordination), prepositional phrases, adjectives, adverbs, measures of lexical specificity (once-occurring words, type-token ratio), lexical classes (hedges, emphatics, discourse particles, stance markers), modals, specialized verb classes (speech act verbs, mental process verbs), reduced forms (contractions, that-deletions), co-ordination, negation, and grammatical devices for structuring information (clefts, extra position). A comprehensive linguistic analysis of a register requires consideration of a representative selection of linguistic features. Analyses of these register features are necessarily quantitative, because the associated register distinctions are based on differences in the relative distribution of linguistic features. (Douglas Biber Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison. Cambridge University Press, 1995) Sociolinguistics: (Wikipedia) â€Å"Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the sociology of language focuses on languages effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e. g. , ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc. , and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place; language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these sociolect that sociolinguistics studies. † Sociolinguistics is the study of how language serves and is shaped by the social nature of human beings. In its broadest conception, sociolinguistics analyzes the many and diverse ways in which language and society entwine. This vast field of inquiry requires and combines insights from a number of disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, psychology and anthropology. Sociolinguistics examines the interplay of language and society, with language as the starting point. Variation is the key concept, applied to language itself and to its use. The basic premise of sociolinguistics is that language is variable and changing. As a result, language is not homogeneous — not for the individual user and not within or among groups of speakers who use the same language. By studying written records, sociolinguists also examine how language and society have interacted in the past. For example, they have tabulated the frequency of the singular pronoun thou and its replacement you in dated hand-written or printed documents and correlated changes in frequency with changes in class structure in 16th and 17th century England. This is historical sociolinguistics: the study of relationship between changes in society and changes in language over a period of time. Branches of sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics can be defined broadly or narrowly Broad: branch of linguistics studying those properties of language which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation Narrow: seeks to explain patterned co-variation of language and society; seeks rules to account for that variation. Some traditions of sociolinguistic investigation: 1) Linguistic variation: (sociolinguistics proper): focuses on the linguistic variable that correlates with social differences. Unit of study is language itself considered a part of linguistics. 2) Ethnography of speaking: emphasis on various aspects of context that are involved in differing interpretations of language use. Unit of analysis is not language itself but rather the users of language: the speech community generally considered part of sociology or anthropology. 3) Language planning (also applied sociolinguistics, sociology of language): emphasis on practical aspects of this study. Much about language contact issues and language use in education.